Hello everyone, today know the main communication models, from linear to those who, instead, interpret the statement as a circular process and interactive. knowledge model helps to define both the context in which a communication on the application of the principles involved. We will show how the recipient plays a key role in the construction of meaning, then that is not predetermined, but changes with the changing situations and interlocutors. Shannon and Weaver's scheme aims to identify both the general form of any communication process, both key factors that constitute it, those elements, namely, that must be present whenever there is a passage of information. The source is the source of information. It generates a message that becomes an apparatus transmitting signals. The signals in turn are transmitted through a channel to the receiver which converts them back into the message received by the recipient. Obstacle to the successful element of the communication process is the noise, namely the presence of disturbances along the canal, which can damage the signals. The space of communication, ie the place where it occurs, can influence the learning experience and interfere with the content. The relational space must be surrounded by the "silence" of concentration, where you can create environments conducive to the sharing. The concept of space is given to three factors: concentration, noise, environment. How long you can focus on themselves and on the other, in a report? long as the interest in that circumstance is not finished, or external obstacles involved that determine the end. Active listening is based on the concentration, the higher the level, can give rise to more satisfactory overall results. E 'should be stressed that the "merger" is not means an "effort", but the dedication to natural relational activity involving. a situation with a high concentration, where the noise is absent, or at least content, allows for richer communication, both emotionally and rationally. We can well perceive the changes in tone of voice, a tremor, indecision. The high concentration situation is rare and difficult to live for long periods of time, especially if the noise is "internal", that is due to relationship difficulties. As a result of both the noise level, that of personal ability, we have instead situazioni a bassa concentrazione, dove più che comunicare, si fanno “chiacchiere”. In simili situazioni, le possibilità sono due: o si “passa” il tempo (acquisizione di informazioni superficiali), o si ricorre al monologo interno, per comprendere, dall’osservazione dell’altro e di se stessi, quali sono gli impedimenti ad una comunicazione e come fare a superarli. Ogni interferenza alla comunicazione si definisce “rumore”. Un ambiente relazionale deve avere un “controllo” del rumore sufficientemente valido a limitare le interferenze. In casi estremi, quando il rumore può distorcere la comunicazione, it is better to break contact, since it is pointless to relate to misunderstand or not understand at all. An environment available to the flow of communication allows a good level of communication. is a place "open", where there is room to talk, listen, understand, a non-judgmental environment, stereotypes, where the "here and now" is the only time reference. A room is available immediately recognize The acceptance, by extension, the smile. The hostile environment, embodying the conflict, aggression, and where the noise dominates the communication finds its direction in time past, where we reason to "remember" and interference deflect the course of the flow of communication. The hostile environment should be tackled with the right defensive weapons, but lowering his guard, from time to time to see if, somewhere, the seed of the flower can communicate. The neutral environment is the home of the future. All that is said or done is interpreted and projected elsewhere. Even changing emotions in others. Often it is the fear of clarity, ask questions, to hear something unpleasant or not according to our expectations, which generates the "escape" forward, thus preferring a neutral environment. linguistic-semiotic model part of the consideration that communication is effective only when the codes used are common to all involved communicating and can be understood and interpreted in the totality of their meaning. issuance of the message is a common fact that to be properly understood, the need of sharing a common code by the issuer and the recipient of the message. To be the signs that constitute the common heritage of posts must refer to a code that regulates them and structure them in a provision well precise. Le componenti fondamentali di un segno sono date: dal significante, ovvero la parte concreta del segno, quella percepita dai nostri sensi, e che si presenta diverso per ogni codice (ad esempio la parola "casa"); dal significato, che corrisponde al concetto cui rimanda quello specifico significante (ad esempio "costruzione per abitazione stabile"); dal referente, che indica la cosa reale cui rinvia il segno (ad esempio l'edificio reale nel quale abitiamo). Il modello psicologico-sociale pone come oggetto di studio l'osservazione del comportamento, da cui dedurre l'atteggiamento interiore e la motivazione alla comunicazione. Questo model is based on certain assumptions: the behavior is the set of activities which can be viewed by another person, the attitude is evaluated in terms of favorable or unfavorable orientation toward the other, the motivation is attributed to the need regulation of behavior, which tends to satisfy a need or reach a goal. Joe Luft and Harry Ingram, in 1961 created a framework, this model of awareness or "Johari window". When we put in front of others are willing to reveal some things we (and I can tell), but not others (I know but I will not say). To tell you the things that we know and to be silent on others. However, we can keep things inside us that we forgot or we're not aware (I do not know and do not say), or to reveal things in spite of ourselves we are not aware, but that others perceive and interpret correctly (and I say I do not know). The interactions between the four quadrants determined four types of relationship: open communication, information leaked or unwitting revelations, intimate and outbursts, emotional contagion. know is gradually extending the upper right quadrant (I open), reducing the other. The window also applies to non-verbal communication and behavior. I opened the shows with voluntary movements, in dress and in social attitudes. The I unconscious and the occult to reveal attitudes unintended but very decipherable by those who observe us . The conversational model-textual studies the relationship between "text and recipient." linguistics text identifies the meaning of a text to view it in its overall shape, structural and complex. The global significance can then emerge from a thousand items for which a sentence refers to another, even far in the text (anaphora) or even to elements that are implied in the text. As regards "conversation" of the relationship of communication, it is proposed that the image of a user, Thanks to their skills and expertise in constructing an interpretation, can lead to a condition of "rewriting" of the text. The collaboration of the user to the production of the text is so because the content of communication change with the recipients, with the condition of reception, with the social and cultural status of the audience, its tastes, its processes of interference and overlap. According to the conversational model performative communication is a process by which an idea is transferred from one issuer to a recipient with the intention to change its behavior. This approach obviously requires communication strong control of intentionality on the part of sending out the message. Another essential element is the level of acceptability of the Notice as the basis for a conversation, there must be an area of \u200b\u200bcommon understanding between speaker and listener, and a willingness to communicate. The communication is realized through a variety of functions called "speech acts". Speech acts, according to John Searle are direct acts, acts of commission, declarative acts, acts assertive, expressive acts, acts of demand. Each speech act has a specific function in the entire community.
The documents directly : also known as "control" are to pay the other party's explicit request, that have value only if the person has the right to express them formulate them. The Instruments commission : refer to making a commitment, and they assume a relationship of subordination. The acts declared : they express an explicit declaration of a state of affairs, a position taking a trend and produce changes in social relations. The Instruments assertive : allow to communicate their perception of reality. The Instruments expressive : the need to express their feelings and communicate on an emotional level. The Acts question : meet the need for clarity of those who communicate in order to proceed with the report and in joint initiatives. The linguist Roman Jakobson, has proposed a reading of the communication between sender and recipient. To be active, the message requires first reference to a context that can be perceived by the recipient, and is capable of verbalization. Secondly requires a code in its entirety or partially, common to the sender and the recipient. Finally, we need a contact, a physical channel and a psychological connection between the sender and the recipient, allowing them to establish and maintain communication. In these separate elements of communication Jakobson overlaps the purpose or language functions, including: the funzione emotiva è costituita dall’insieme degli elementi che qualificano lo stato emotivo; la funzione denotativa esprime la qualità emotiva del messaggio di chi parla; la funzione fàtica comprende tutti gli elementi della comunicazione tesi a stabilire la presenza del “contatto” tra gli interlocutori; la funzione conativa riguarda gli aspetti pragmatici della comunicazione, that those expressions that act to push for action on the recipient, the referential function or information communication is especially designed to provide information on a specific reality, the aesthetic function or poetic the attention of the sender is especially directed at the structure of the message; to its formal organization (such as the appearance of noise words, the choice of words), the metalinguistic function the message refers to elements that define the code itself (like when you ask clarification on a certain time period). Well the argument is rather long and complicated! For now I leave you and I look forward to the continuation of the argument on Wednesday. Thanks and good communication!
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